- 80 questions in 1 hr 30 mins
- 60% of exam score
- This includes individual questions as well as sets of questions that refer to the same stimulus.
- 3-4 sets of questions will include quantitative data, such as data tables, charts, or graphs.
- 3-4 sets of questions will include qualitative data/information, such as models, representations, or maps.
- 2 sets of questions will include text-based sources.
- 3 questions in 1 hr 10 mins
- 40% of exam score
- 1 question in which youโll design an investigation
- 2 questions which will ask you to analyze an environmental problem and propose a solution, one of which will require performing calculations. Check out our study plan below to find resources and tools to prepare for your AP Environmental Science exam.
When is the 2025 AP Environmental Science Exam and How Do I Take It?
The exam is on paper and in school.
The exam will be given on Thursday, May 13, 2025, at 12 PM your local time.
How should I prepare for the exam?
- First, download the AP Environmental Science Cheatsheet PDF - a single sheet that covers everything you need to know at a high level. Take note of your strengths and weaknesses!
- We've put together the study plan found below to help you study between now and May. This will cover all of the units and essay types to prepare you for your exam. Pay special attention to the units that you need the most improvement in.
- Study, practice, and review for test day with other students during our live cram sessions via Cram Mode . Cram live streams will teach, review, and practice important topics from AP courses, college admission tests, and college admission topics. These streams are hosted by experienced students who know what you need to succeed.
Pre-Work: Set Up Your Study Environment
Before you begin studying, take some time to get organized.
๐ฅ Create a study space.
Make sure you have a designated place at home to study. Somewhere you can keep all of your materials, where you can focus on learning, and where you are comfortable. Spend some time prepping the space with everything you need and you can even let others in the family know that this is your study space.
๐ Organize your study materials.
Get your notebook, textbook, prep books, or whatever other physical materials you have. Also, create a space for you to keep track of review. Start a new section in your notebook to take notes or start a Google Doc to keep track of your notes. Get yourself set up!
๐ Plan designated times for studying.
The hardest part about studying from home is sticking to a routine. Decide on one hour every day that you can dedicate to studying. This can be any time of the day, whatever works best for you. Set a timer on your phone for that time and really try to stick to it. The routine will help you stay on track.
๐ Decide on an accountability plan.
How will you hold yourself accountable to this study plan? You may or may not have a teacher or rules set up to help you stay on track, so you need to set some for yourself. First, set your goal. This could be studying for x number of hours or getting through a unit. Then, create a reward for yourself. If you reach your goal, then x. This will help stay focused!
AP Environmental Science 2025 Study Plan
๐ Unit 1: The Living World: Ecosystems
Big takeaways:
The first unit sets up the rest of the course. It is a refresher of ecology topics learned in biology. If you have not taken biology yet, no worries. Here you will learn how species interactions are affected by various ecosystem resources, the global distribution of biomes, biogeochemical cycles, and energy transfers within food webs and chains.
Definitely do this:
๐ Read these study guides:
- 1.0 Unit 1 Overview
- 1.1 Introduction to Ecosystems
- 1.2 Terrestrial Biomes
- 1.3 Aquatic Biomes
- 1.4 The Carbon Cycle
- 1.5 The Nitrogen Cycle
- 1.6 The Phosphorous Cycle
- 1.7 The Hydrologic Cycle
- 1.8 Primary Productivity
- 1.9 Trophic Levels
- 1.10 Energy Flow and the 10% Rule
- 1.11 Food Chains and Food Webs ๐ฅ Watch these videos:
- Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes: climate, soil, flora, and fauna
- Biogeochemical Cycles : Comparing different types of maps
- Energy Transfer in the Ecosystem: trophic levels, 10% Rule ๐ฐ Check out these articles:
- [object Object] (New York Times) โ๏ธ Practice:
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If you have more time or want to dig deeper:
- ๐ [object Object]
- ๐ฎ Can you build a marine food web? [object Object] (requires Flash)
๐ Unit 2: The Living World: Biodiversity
Big takeaways:
This unit investigates the different forms of diversity and how that diversity is essential for ecosystems. Then it presents the impacts of ecosystems from both human and natural disturbances. The unit concludes by looking at organismsโ adaptations for survival due to the disturbances.
Definitely do this:
๐ Read these study guides:
- 2.0 Unit 2 Overview
- 2.1 Introduction to Biodiversity
- 2.2 Ecosystem Services
- 2.3 Island Biogeography
- 2.4 Ecological Tolerance
- 2.5 Natural Disruptions to Ecosystems
- 2.6 Adaptations
- 2.7 Ecological Succession ๐ฅ Watch these videos:
- Island Biogeography how islands affect population size
- Adaptations and Ecological Succession : organisms change due to environmental changes, terrestrial and aquatic succession
- [object Object] (TED-Ed), three forms of biodiversity, integration in ecosystem survival in the face of change
If you have more time or want to dig deeper:
- ๐ [object Object] Science Daily
- ๐ฎ [object Object] (HTML5) Work through either primary or secondary succession, try the quiz at the end
- ๐ฐ [object Object] (Scientific American)
๐ฉโ๐ฉโ๐งโ๐ฆ Unit 3: Populations
Big takeaways:
This unit discusses the different population dynamics within an ecosystem. First is a look at the species being a generalist vs. specialist and K- vs. r-. This is followed by how resource availability affects population grow and how that looks graphically. This unit finishes with human population dynamics and the four demographic transitions.
Definitely do this:
๐ Read these study guides:
- 3.0 Unit 3 Overview
- 3.1 Generalist and Specialist Species
- 3.2 K-Selected r-Selected Species
- 3.3 Survivorship Curves
- 3.4 Carrying Capacity
- 3.5 Population Growth and Resource Availability
- 3.6 Age Structure Diagrams
- 3.7 Total Fertility Rate
- 3.8 Human Population Dynamics
- 3.9 Demographic Transition ๐ฅ Watch these videos:
- Generalist/Specialist and K-/r- species reproductive and survivorship strategies
- Carrying Capacity : factors that affect population growth, different growth curves
- Age Structure Diagrams : TFR, growth patterns, Replacement Level Fertility
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- [object Object] (TED-Ed), graphical population structures, predictions ๐ฐ Check out these articles:
- [object Object] (Scientific American) โ๏ธ Practice:
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If you have more time or want to dig deeper:
- ๐ [object Object] Science Daily
- ๐ฎ [object Object] (HTML5) Work through either primary or secondary succession, try the quiz at the end
- ๐บ [object Object] (TED-Ed), based on the demographic transition
- ๐ฎ [object Object] (Quizlet) Human Population Growth formulas
๐ Unit 4: Earth Systems and Resources
Big takeaways:
This unit discusses the abiotic factors that influence life. Earthโs massive plates and their movements show that our planet is still changing. Soils also influence the type of life in an area from the topsoil to the bedrock. Atmospheric movements influence weather patterns and ocean currents.
Definitely do this:
๐ Read these study guides:
- 4.0 Unit 4 Overview
- 4.1 Tectonic Plates
- 4.2 Soil Formation and Erosion
- 4.3 Soil Composition and Properties
- 4.4 Earth's Atmosphere
- 4.5 Global Wind Patterns
- 4.6 Watersheds
- 4.7 Solar Radiation and Earth's Seasons
- 4.8 Earth's Geography and Climate
- 4.9 El Niรฑo and La Niรฑa๐ฅ Watch these videos:
- Earth's Seasons and Climate seasons, El Nino, rain shadow effect
- Earth's Atmosphere and Global Wind Patterns : atmosphere composition, Hadley Cells, Coriolis Effect
- Soil Composition what makes soil, differences in biomes
- [object Object] (Bozeman), plate boundary types, volcanoes, earthquakes
If you have more time or want to dig deeper:
- ๐ [object Object] (NOAA)
- ๐บ [object Object] (SLATE)
- ๐ฎ [object Object] Have a little fun making your own plate boundaries with graham crackers
๐ Unit 5: Land and Water Use
Big takeaways:
This unit looks at how humans use the land and waters. This entails the harvesting of crops, meat, and fish along with the effects of harvesting on the land and water. The effects of overfishing , mining , and urbanization are also discussed. Lastly, this unit looks into your ecological footprint and sustainable practices.
Definitely do this:
๐ Read these study guides:
- 5.0 Unit 5 Overview
- 5.1 The Tragedy of the Commons
- 5.2 Clearcutting
- 5.3 The Green Revolution
- 5.4 Impacts of Agricultural Practices
- 5.5 Irrigation Methods
- 5.6 Pest Control Methods
- 5.7 Meat Production Methods
- 5.8 Impacts of Overfishing
- 5.9 Impacts of Mining
- 5.10 Impacts of Urbanization
- 5.11 Ecological Footprints
- 5.12 Intro to Sustainability
- 5.13 Methods to Reduce Urban Runoff
- 5.14 Integrated Pest Management
- 5.15 Sustainable Agriculture
- 5.16 Aquaculture
- 5.17 Sustainable Forestry๐ฅ Watch these videos:
- Fishing Practices, Tragedy of the Commons , types of fishing, impacts of overfishing
- Agricultural Practices II, clear-cutting, Green Revolution , impacts of agriculture
- Agricultural Practices III irrigation, pest control, meat production
- [object Object] (Bozeman), mining, environmental impacts of mining
- [object Object] (YouTube)
- [object Object] (YouTube) ๐ฐ Check out these articles:
- Required Environmental Legislation
If you have more time or want to dig deeper:
- ๐ [object Object] (Monterey Bay Aquarium)
- ๐ [object Object] (Conserve Energy Future)
- ๐ฎ [object Object] Calculate your ecological footprint
โก๏ธ Unit 6: Energy Resources and Consumption
Big takeaways:
Energy is either renewable or nonrenewable. Both types have impacts on the land, water, or air. Different areas of the world have different energy needs and availability. Conserving energy and finding efficient alternatives will extend the supply of our nonrenewable energy sources.
Definitely do this:
๐ Read these study guides:
- 6.0 Unit 6 Overview
- 6.1 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
- 6.2 Global Energy Consumption
- 6.3 Fuel Types and Uses
- 6.4 Distribution of Natural Resources
- 6.5 Fossil Fuels
- 6.6 Nuclear Power
- 6.7 Energy from Biomass
- 6.8 Solar Energy
- 6.9 Hydroelectric Power
- 6.10 Geothermal Energy
- 6.11 Hydrogen Fuel Cell
- 6.12 Wind Energy
- 6.13 Energy Conservation๐ฅ Watch these videos:
- Renewable Energy I solar energy , wind energy , conservation
- Renewable Energy II nuclear, geothermal, hydroelectric, hydrogen fuel cell
- Fossil Fuels, crude oil, coal, natural gas, fracking, energy distribution
- Global Energy Consumption global energy distribution, conservation, calculations ๐ฐ Check out these articles:
- [object Object] (EESI)
- [object Object] (NAtional Geographic)
- [object Object] (ProCon.org)
- [object Object] (Conserve Energy Future)
If you have more time or want to dig deeper:
- ๐ [object Object] (EESI)
- ๐ฎ [object Object] Energy Conservation Quizlet
๐จ Unit 7: Atmospheric Pollution
Big takeaways:
Atmospheric pollution has both natural and anthropogenic sources. Air pollution affects the health of an ecosystem and may harm humans. Many businesses are required by law to remove certain chemicals before releasing wastes into the atmosphere.
Definitely do this:
๐ Read these study guides:
- 7.0 Unit 7 Overview
- 7.1 Introduction to Air Pollution
- 7.2 Photochemical Smog
- 7.3 Thermal Inversion
- 7.4 Atmospheric CO2 and Particulates
- 7.5 Indoor Air Pollutants
- 7.6 Reduction of Air Pollutants
- 7.7 Acid Rain
- 7.8 Noise Pollution๐ฅ Watch these videos:
- Air Pollution, fossil fuel combustion, smog, thermal inversion , Clean Air Act , scrubbers
- [object Object] formation process, causes, catalytic converter
- [object Object] sources of air pollution ๐ฐ Check out these articles:
- [object Object] (National Geographic)
- [object Object] historic and current
If you have more time or want to dig deeper:
- [object Object] (Nature)
- ๐ฎ [object Object] APES: Air Pollution (Quizlet)
โป๏ธ Unit 8: Aquatic and Terrestrial Pollution
Big takeaways:
Pollution created by human activities directly impacts ecosystems in the air, on land, and in water. The source of pollution can be easy to identify, but other times the source is diffused. Weโll learn how to evaluate data related to pollution and explain concepts related to the different types of pollution that impact land and water. Legislation has been created to reduce discharges of pollution in water and regulate drinking water.
Definitely do this:
๐ Read these study guides:
- 8.0 Unit 8 Overview
- 8.1 Sources of Pollution
- 8.2 Human Impacts on Ecosystems
- 8.3 Endocrine Disruptors
- 8.4 Human Impacts on Wetlands and Mangroves
- 8.5 Eutrophication
- 8.6 Thermal Pollution
- 8.7 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
- 8.8 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
- 8.9 Solid Waste Disposal
- 8.10 Waste Reduction Methods
- 8.11 Sewage Treatment
- 8.12 Lethal Dose 50% (LD50)
- 8.13 Dose Response Curve
- 8.14 Pollution and Human Health
- 8.15 Pathogens and Infectious Diseases๐ฅ Watch these videos:
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- [object Object]๐ฐ Check out these articles:
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- [object Object]โ๏ธ Practice:
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If you have more time or want to dig deeper:
- ๐ [object Object]
- ๐ฎ [object Object] Aquatic and Terrestrial Pollution (Quizlet)
๐ฅ Unit 9: Global Change
Big takeaways:
In this unit, weโll look at how the actions of humans can have global impacts. We explore cases of countries having great success in preservation of Earthโs natural resources, but also times when humans have directly resulted in irreparable harm. Some topics weโll learn about include global climate change, alteration of the oceanโs temperature and pH, and loss of biodiversity.
Definitely do this:
๐ Read these study guides:
- 9.0 Unit 9 Overview
- 9.1 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
- 9.2 Reducing Ozone Depletion
- 9.3 The Greenhouse Effect
- 9.4 Increases in the Greenhouse Gases
- 9.5 Global Climate Change
- 9.6 Ocean Warming
- 9.7 Ocean Acidification
- 9.8 Invasive Species
- 9.9 Endangered Species
- 9.10 Human Impacts on Biodiversity๐ฅ Watch these videos:
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- Major Environmental Disastersโ๏ธ Practice:
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If you have more time or want to dig deeper:
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Key Terms to Review ( 58 )
Acid Rain : Acid rain refers to rainfall that has become acidic due to atmospheric pollution containing sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These pollutants react with water vapor in the atmosphere, forming sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which then fall to the ground as rain.
Air Pollution : Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the air, such as pollutants and contaminants, that can negatively impact human health, ecosystems, and the environment.
Aquaculture : Aquaculture, also known as fish farming, is the cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants in controlled environments. It involves raising these organisms for food production or conservation purposes.
Atmospheric CO2 : Atmospheric CO2 refers to the concentration of carbon dioxide gas in Earth's atmosphere. It is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and climate change.
Clean Air Act : The Clean Air Act is a federal law in the United States that aims to control air pollution and improve air quality. It sets standards for emissions from industries, vehicles, and other sources, and establishes programs to reduce pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.
Clearcutting : Clearcutting is a logging practice where all trees in a designated area are cut down, leaving no standing trees. This method is often used for commercial purposes and can have significant impacts on the ecosystem.
Dose Response Curve : A dose response curve shows the relationship between the dosage or concentration of a substance and its effect on an organism. It helps determine the optimal dosage for desired effects and identifies potential risks associated with higher doses.
Ecological Footprints : Ecological footprints refer to the impact of human activities on the environment, specifically in terms of resource consumption and waste production. It measures the amount of land and resources required to sustain a particular lifestyle or population.
Endangered Species : Endangered species are organisms that are at risk of becoming extinct due to a low population size or declining habitat. They require special protection and conservation efforts to prevent their extinction.
Endocrine Disruptors : Endocrine disruptors are chemicals or substances that interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine system, which regulates hormones in the body. These disruptors can mimic or block hormones, leading to various health effects.
Energy Conservation : Energy conservation refers to the practice of reducing energy consumption in order to minimize waste and promote sustainability. It involves using energy more efficiently and making conscious choices to reduce unnecessary energy use.
Energy from Biomass : Energy from biomass refers to using organic materials derived from plants or animals (biomass) to produce heat, electricity, or fuel. This can include wood, crop residues, animal manure, and dedicated energy crops.
Eutrophication : Eutrophication is the excessive growth of algae and other plants due to an increase in nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) in a body of water, leading to harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems.
Fossil Fuels : Fossil fuels are energy-rich substances formed from ancient organic matter buried deep within the Earth's crust. They include coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are burned to release energy but also release carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere.
Geothermal Energy : Geothermal energy refers to the heat stored within Earth's crust, which can be extracted and utilized for heating buildings or generating electricity. It relies on tapping into hot rocks or underground reservoirs of steam or hot water.
Global Energy Consumption : Global energy consumption refers to the total amount of energy used by individuals, industries, and countries worldwide. It includes both renewable and nonrenewable sources and is an important indicator of economic development and environmental impact.
Green Revolution : The Green Revolution refers to a period of significant agricultural advancements in the mid-20th century that aimed to increase food production through the use of modern farming techniques, such as the adoption of high-yielding crop varieties, improved irrigation systems, and increased use of fertilizers and pesticides.
Greenhouse Effect : The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun, causing an increase in temperature on the planet. It acts like a blanket around the Earth, allowing sunlight to enter but preventing some of the heat from escaping back into space.
Human Impacts on Biodiversity : Human impacts on biodiversity refer to the negative effects that human activities have on the variety and abundance of living organisms in ecosystems. These impacts include habitat destruction, pollution, overexploitation, and climate change.
Hydroelectric Power : Hydroelectric power is generated by converting the potential and kinetic energy of flowing or falling water into electricity using turbines and generators. It is one of the most widely used forms of renewable energy globally.
Hydrogen Fuel Cell : A hydrogen fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy, producing water as a byproduct.
Indoor Air Pollutants : Indoor air pollutants are harmful substances present in the air inside buildings, including homes, schools, and workplaces. These pollutants can come from various sources such as tobacco smoke, cleaning products, building materials, and mold.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) : Integrated Pest Management is an approach used in agriculture and pest control that combines multiple strategies to manage pests while minimizing environmental impact. It involves monitoring pest populations, using biological controls, implementing cultural practices, and only resorting to chemical pesticides when necessary.
Invasive Species : Invasive species are non-native organisms that cause harm to the environment, economy, or human health. They outcompete native species for resources and disrupt ecosystems.
Irrigation Methods : Irrigation methods refer to the various techniques used to supply water to crops in agricultural fields. These methods ensure that plants receive adequate water for growth and development.
Lethal Dose 50% (LD50) : Lethal Dose 50% (LD50) refers to the amount of a substance or radiation dose that is lethal to 50% of the test population within a specified time period. It is commonly used in toxicology studies to measure the relative toxicity of different substances.
Meat Production Methods : Meat production methods refer to the different techniques and practices involved in raising animals for meat consumption. These methods encompass various aspects such as animal welfare, feeding practices, and environmental impacts.
Mining : Mining is the process of extracting valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth's crust. It involves digging deep into the ground to access these resources.
Noise pollution : Noise pollution refers to excessive or disturbing noise that can have negative effects on human health and the environment. It includes sounds from sources such as traffic, construction, industrial activities, and loud music.
Nonrenewable Resources : Nonrenewable resources are natural resources that cannot be replenished within a human lifespan, such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and minerals. Once they are depleted, they cannot be easily replaced.
Nuclear Power : Nuclear power is generated through nuclear reactions where atomic nuclei are split (nuclear fission) or combined (nuclear fusion). The released heat is then used to produce steam which drives turbines for generating electricity.
Ocean Acidification : Ocean acidification occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) from sources like burning fossil fuels dissolves into seawater and lowers its pH level. This decrease in pH makes seawater more acidic over time, harming marine life such as coral reefs and shellfish.
Ocean Warming : Ocean warming refers to the increase in temperature of the Earth's oceans due to human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This rise in temperature has detrimental effects on marine ecosystems, including coral bleaching and disruption of food chains.
Overfishing : Overfishing refers to the excessive harvesting of fish from a body of water, depleting the population to unsustainable levels and disrupting the ecosystem.
Particulates : Particulates refer to tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. They can come from natural sources like dust or wildfires, but also from human activities such as industrial emissions or vehicle exhaust.
Pathogens and Infectious Diseases : Pathogens are microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, that can cause diseases in humans, animals, or plants. Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by these pathogens that can be transmitted from one organism to another.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) : POPs are toxic chemicals that persist in the environment for long periods of time and can bioaccumulate in living organisms. They can travel long distances through air and water, posing a threat to both human health and the environment.
Pest Control Methods : Pest control methods refer to strategies employed to manage or eliminate pests that can damage crops or cause harm to humans and animals. These methods aim at reducing pest populations while minimizing negative impacts on the environment.
Photochemical smog : Photochemical smog is an atmospheric condition caused by chemical reactions between sunlight, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It results in hazy, brownish-colored air containing high levels of ozone near ground level.
Pollution and Human Health : Pollution refers to harmful substances or contaminants released into the environment, which can negatively impact human health by causing diseases, respiratory problems, allergies, and other health issues.
Reducing Ozone Depletion : Reducing ozone depletion involves taking actions to minimize or prevent further damage to the Earth's protective ozone layer. This includes reducing emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODS), implementing regulations and policies, and promoting the use of ozone-friendly alternatives.
Reduction of Air Pollutants : The reduction of air pollutants refers to the process of decreasing or eliminating harmful substances in the air, such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, to improve air quality.
Renewable Resources : Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished or regenerated over time, such as solar energy, wind power, and biomass. They are sustainable and have the ability to meet our needs without depleting the Earth's finite resources.
Sewage treatment : Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater to make it safe for release back into the environment. It involves physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove pollutants and pathogens.
Solar energy : Solar energy refers to the radiant light and heat from the sun that can be harnessed and converted into usable forms of power. It is a renewable energy source that provides clean and sustainable electricity.
Solid Waste Disposal : Solid waste disposal refers to the process of managing and disposing of solid waste materials in a safe and environmentally responsible manner.
Sources of Pollution : Sources of pollution are places or activities that release substances into the environment that can be harmful to living organisms or disrupt natural processes. These sources can include industrial facilities, vehicles, agricultural practices, and even natural events like volcanic eruptions.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion : The gradual thinning of the protective layer of ozone in the Earth's stratosphere due to the release of certain chemicals into the atmosphere. This depletion allows more harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun to reach the Earth's surface.
Sustainability : Sustainability refers to the ability to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves using resources in a way that preserves and protects them for long-term use.
Sustainable Agriculture : Sustainable agriculture refers to a farming practice that aims to meet the needs of present and future generations while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. It involves using methods that conserve soil, water, and other natural resources, as well as promoting biodiversity and protecting the health of farm workers.
Sustainable Forestry : Sustainable forestry refers to the practice of managing forests in a way that meets the needs of present and future generations, while also considering environmental, social, and economic factors. It involves balancing the extraction of forest resources with conservation efforts to ensure long-term forest health and productivity.
Thermal inversion : Thermal inversion refers to a weather condition where the normal temperature pattern in the atmosphere is reversed, with warm air being trapped above cooler air near the surface. This can lead to the accumulation of pollutants and smog in lower layers of the atmosphere.
Thermal pollution : Thermal pollution occurs when there is an increase in temperature in natural bodies of water due to human activities. It can negatively impact aquatic ecosystems by reducing oxygen levels and disrupting the balance of species living in the water.
Tragedy of the Commons : The tragedy of the commons is an economic concept that describes a situation where individuals, acting independently and rationally in their own self-interest, deplete or degrade a shared resource. This occurs when there is no regulation or ownership over the resource, leading to its overuse and eventual collapse.
Urbanization : Urbanization refers to the increasing proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. It involves the growth and expansion of cities due to factors like population growth and migration.
Waste Reduction Methods : Waste reduction methods refer to strategies aimed at minimizing the amount of waste generated, promoting sustainable practices, and improving resource efficiency. These methods can include practices like source reduction, recycling, and composting, all of which contribute to lowering environmental impact and conserving natural resources. By focusing on reducing waste at its source, these methods seek to prevent waste rather than manage it after it has been created.
Wetlands and Mangroves : Wetlands are unique ecosystems characterized by the presence of water, either permanently or seasonally, which supports a variety of plant and animal life. Mangroves are a specific type of wetland found along tropical and subtropical coastlines, dominated by salt-tolerant trees that thrive in intertidal zones. These ecosystems play crucial roles in maintaining biodiversity, providing habitat, and protecting coastlines from erosion.
Wind Energy : Wind energy is the process of harnessing the kinetic energy of wind and converting it into usable electricity through wind turbines. This renewable energy source is considered a key player in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainability, and enhancing energy security by diversifying the energy mix.
